Homework-5b

Homework-5b

Due Date: Nov 14th, 2007 (Midterm Exam-1)

A control unit is the part of a CPU or other device that directs its operation. The outputs of the unit control the activity of the rest of the device.
The control unit is the circuitry that controls the flow of information through the processor, and coordinates the activities of the other units within it. In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it controls what happens inside the processor, which in turn controls the rest of the PC.

At one time control units for CPUs were ad-hoc logic, and they were difficult to design. In modern computers, the registers, arithmetic and logic units, instruction registers, buses, and off-chip input/output may have its own subsidiary controller, with the control unit acting as a supervisor.

In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and GPUs have inside them very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.

Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945, when he wrote a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC.

E-POSTA ADRESİ

Arkadaşlar, lütfen filizeyuboglu@yahoo.com adresimi kullanınız... diğer adreslerime bir şey göndermeyiniz.

Daha önce belirttiğim gibi, e-posta ile ödev kabul etmiyorum... ancak benimle konuşup bilgi veren ve gerçekten geçerli mazareti olanlarınkini kabul edeceğim...

Homework-4

Due date: 24/10/2007

* Choose 3 input and 3 output devices,
* Explain each of them briefly, in two or three sentences at most, in English.
* Translate these sentences into Turkish.

YOU WILL BE TEACHING THE LESSON YO YOUR FRIENDS... VOLUNTEERS PLS LOAD your homework in pp format ON FLASH MEMORY...

DO NOT FORGET to indicate the references you have utilized.

The translation of the difficult sentence in Hw1!!!!

Osman Başaran'a teşekkürler...

Not: "Yazılım" yerine "uygulama" dedim... Application çünkü....
"Aynı anda pek çok" yerine de "bir anda bir çok" dedim...

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with the third generation of compuetrs through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.

Çevirmek oldukça zor, çünkü bana kalırsa cümlenin aslı bozuk.. Ama anlamı anlarsanız, Op. Sys (İşletim Sistemi) ne yapıyor bilirseniz ki bilmeniz gerek, o zaman çevirebilirsiniz. Osman çok güzel toparlamış....:)

Üçüncü nesil bilgisayarlarda kullanıcılar, delikli kartlar ve yazılı çıktıların yerine, bilgisayarla, klavye, görüntü birimi ve belleği düzenleyen ve bir anda bir farklı uygulamanın aynı anda çalışmasını sağlayan merkezi bir program olan işletim sistemi aracılığıyla etkileşime girdi.

ÖDEVLER HAKKINDA ÇOK ÖNEMLİ AÇIKLAMA!!!

Sevgili Öğrenciler,

Aşağıdaki kurallara harfiyen uymanızı rica ediyorum.

1) Ödevlerinizi sınıfa 2 kopya halinde getiriniz. Biri dersin başında bana teslim edilecek. Diğerini sizde kalır ve üzerine tartışmalar esnasında gerekli gördüğünüz not ve düzeltmeleri yazarsınız.

2) Eposta ile, ancak bana mazeretini ifade eden ve benim kabul edeceğim kişilerin ödevlerini kabul edeceğim. Tam bir karmaşa oluyor ve çok zamanımı alıyor.

EPosta ile gönderenler ise isimlendirme kuralına ("naming convention") lütfen uysunlar yoksa almayacağım. tekrar örnek veriyorum: mesela ben ödev2'yi yolluyorsam dosya adı
Hw2_FilizEyuboglu olmalı.

TÜRKÇE KARAKTER KULLANMAYINIZ. İsim soyad baş harflerini büyük yapınız!

3) Ödevi Word ile ya da elle yazanlar:

***** Başlıklardan sonra ve paragraf aralarında bir satır boşluk bırakın. Bunu söylemeye gerek var mı? Bu 1 puan

***** isim soyad SAĞ ÜST köşeye. Bu da 1 puan

***** ÜST ORTAYA HOMEWORK-x. 0.5 puan.

4) El yazısı ile ödevi ANCAK çok temiz ve düzgün yaparsanız kabul edeceğim.
El yazısı ile yazıp ödev verenler

* sol tarafta (cetvelle çekin) 2,5-3 cm bir kenarlık bırakılmalı... Word gibi!!!:)
1 puan.
* Yazı temiz okunaklı olmalı. 1 puan.

Hw-1'i okuyorum.... Ortak hataları yazıp sizi bilgilendireceğim.

Supplementary Info (just fyi - for your information !!!)

See the table containing the list of top500 supercomputers under the heading "Timeline of supercomputers", in 5.2 The Top500 list in Wikipedia.

*** What is OPS, kOPS, MOPS, FLOPS,GFLOPS, TFLOPS???

**** According to Top500.org, the fastest computer in the world as of June 2007 was the IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer, measuring a peak of 280.6 TFLOPS. But Cray Inc. recently released their Cray XT4 which can peak at 318 TFLOPS.

QUIZ

You will have a quiz next Wednesday. Please study all the texts we have seen from the beginning of the semestre; not just the Turkish of the words BUT ALSO the concepts.

Oct 17th, 2007 - Texts of today...

Some of the words we discussed:
http://www.seslisozluk.com/

OPTIMIZE:
1. En iyi şekilde kullanmak, optimize etmek, en uygun sekle getirmek. 2. mükemmele eriştirmek. etkili kılmak.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. produce maximum results; make optimal; improve efficiency; become optimal; act as an optimist, act in an optimistic manner; (Computers) carry out optimization (also optimise).2. act as an optimist and take a sunny view of the world modify to achieve maximum efficiency in storage capacity or time or cost; "optimize a computer program" make optimal; get the most out of; use best; "optimize your resources".3. op·ti·mize optimizes optimizing optimized in BRIT, also use optimis.4. To optimize a plan, system, or machine means to arrange or design it so that it operates as smoothly and efficiently as possible. The new systems have been optimised for running Microsoft Windows.5. To optimize a situation or opportunity means to get as much advantage or benefit from it as you can. What can you do to optimize your family situation?. to improve the way that something is done or used so that it is as effective as possible.

MANIPULATE:
1. İşlemek. işlemek. f.2. elle hareket ettirmek.3. kullanmak, hareket ettirmek, çalıştırmak, işletmek.4. kendi çıkarları için kullanmak.5. hile yaparak (fiyatları) istediği şekilde değiştirmek. beceriyle kullanmak, ustalikla yönetmek; kendi amaci dogrultusunda yönlendirmek, etkilemek. işle,işlet. işle. f.6. hile yaparak. işle. el ile işletmek, idare etmek, hile yapmak, oynama yapmak. Manevra yapmak, el ile işletmek.7. oynama yapmak, el ile işletmek, idare etmek, hile yapmak.8. beceriyle kullanmak. ustalıkla yönetmek. kendi amacı doğrultusunda yönlendirmek. etkilemek.9. el ile işletmek. beceriyle yapmak. ustaca idare etmek. hile karıştırmak.10. işlet, işle.

Supercomputers

A supercomputer is mainframe computer that has been optimized for speed and processing power. The most famous series of supercomputers were designed by the company founded and named after Seymour Cray. The Cray-1 was built in the 1976 and installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Supercomputers are used for extremely calculation-intensive tasks such as simulating nuclear bomb detonations, aerodynamic flows, and global weather patterns. A supercomputer typically costs several million dollars.

The Components of Computers

A computer is an electronic device that executes the instructions in a program.
A computer has four functions:

a. Accepts data ==> Input
b. Processes data ==> Processing
c. Produces output ==> Output
d. Stores results ==> Storage

Hw-3 -Performed in the classroom.

To function, a computer system requires four main aspects of data handling: input, procesing, output, and storage. The hardware responsible for these four areas is as follows:

1- Input devices accept data or commands in a form that the computer can use; they send the data or commands to the procesing unit.

2- The processor, more formally known as the central processing unit (CPU), has electronic circuitry that manipulates input data into the information people want. The central processing unit actually executes computer instructions.

3- Output devices show people the processed data (information) in understandable and usable form.

4- Storage usually means secondary storage, which consists of secondary storage devices such as disk – hard disk or diskettes or some other kind of disk – that can store data and programs outside the computer itself. These devices supplement memory or primary storage, which can hold data and programs only temporarily.

ODEV DOSYALARININ ISIM KURALI

As I said today, you are expected to obey the following naming convention for your homework files!!!!!

Hw1_adsoyad.doc

DO NOT USE TURKISH CHARACTERS IN YOUR NAME & SURNAME!!!!

AND
BE CAREFUL WITH THE CAPITAL and SMALL LETTERS and the UNDERSCORE AS INDICATED IN THE EXAMPLE ABOVE!!!

Homework-2

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Mainframes

In the jargon of the computer trade, large computers are called mainframes. Mainframes are capable of processing data at very high speeds – millions of
instructions per second – and have access to billions of characters of data. The price of these large systems can vary from several hundred thousand to many
millions of dollars. Their principal use is for processing vast amounts of data quickly, so some of the obvious customers are banks, insurance companies and
manufacturers.

Minicomputers

A minicomputer is a multi-user computer that is less powerful than a
mainframe. This class of computers became available in the 1960’s when
large scale integrated circuits made it possible to build a computer much cheaper than the then existing mainframes (minicomputers cost around $100,000 instead of the $1,000,000 cost of a mainframe).

The niche previously filled by the minicomputer has been largely taken over by high-end microcomputer workstations serving multiple users.

Microcomputers

A microcomputer is a computer that has a microprocessor chip as its CPU.
They are often called personal computers because they are designed to be used by one person at a time. Personal computers are typically used at home, at school, or at a business. Popular uses for microcomputers include word processing, surfing the web, sending and receiving e-mail, spreadsheet calculations, database management, editing photographs, creating graphics, and playing music or games. Personal computers come in two major varieties, desktop computers and laptop computers.

Ödev Dosyalarının Isim Kuralı

As I said today, you are expected to obey the following naming convention for your homework files!!!!!

Hw1_adsoyad.doc

DO NOT USE TURKISH CHARACTERS IN YOUR NAME & SURNAME!!!!

AND

BE CAREFUL WITH THE CAPITAL and SMALL LETTERS and the UNDERSCORE AS INDICATED IN THE EXAMPLE ABOVE!!!

F

Oct. 3rd, 2007

What is a Computer?

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it into useful information (output), and store it in a secondary storage device for safekeeping of later reuse. The processing of input to output is directed by software but performed by the hardware.

A computer system has three main components: hardware, software, and people. The equipment associated with a computer system is called hardware. A set of instructions called software tells the computer what to do. People, however, are the most important component of a computer system. People use the power of the computer for some purpose.

Software is also referred to as programs. To be more specific, a program is a set of step-by-step instructions that directs the computer to do the required tasks and produce the desired results. A computer programmer is a person who writes programs. Users are people who purchase and use computer software. In business, users are often called end-users because they are at the end of the “computer line”,” actually making use of the computer’s capabilities.

The Five Generations of Computers

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
Bilgisayarların her bir kuşağı, bilgisayarların işleyişini değiştiren, gittikçe küçülen, ucuzlayan, daha güçlü, verimli ve daha güvenilir cihazlar olmasıyla sonuçlanan büyük teknolojik gelişmelerle tanımlanır.

First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

lThe UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Assignment-1 Due: Oct.10th, 2007

Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Mesleki İnglizce-2

Sevgili Öğrenciler,

2007-2008 eğitim-öğretim yılı hayırlı olsun.

26 Eylül'deki ilk derse gelen öğrencilerle bu dersin de Mi-1 gibi işlenmesine karar verildi... Yalnız, sınıf mevcudu daha kalabalık. Bu bakımdan derste aktif olmaya çalışmanızda fayda var:)

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