22 Şubat 2007

Professional English-1: Slides Used on Feb.22, 2007

Production means bringing together materials, machinery, and workers to make goods.
Üretim, mal ve eşya üretmek (imal etmek) için malzeme, makine ve çalışanları bir araya getirmektir.

An electrical failure caused a complete shutdown of the factory.
Elektrik arızası fabrikanın tamamen durmasına (kapanmasına) sebep oldu.

Doctors have learnt how to cure many diseases during the last hundred years.
Doktorlar bir çok hastalığı nasıl tedavi edeceklerini (iyileştireceklerini) son yüz senede öğrendiler.

I have been shopping since morning and I haven’t a penny left.
Sabahtan beri alış verişteyim (alış veriş etmekteyim); tek kuruşum kalmadı.

Go out and get some fresh air! You’ve been sitting there reading all morning.
Dışarı çık ve biraz temiz hava al. Bütün sabahı orada oturmuş, okuyarak geçirdin.

The demand for small cars has increased due to the increase in fuel prices.
Benzin fiyatlarındaki artış küçük arabalara olan talebi artırdı.

What happened next was just what everyone had feared.
Bundan sonra herkesin korktuğu şey gerçekleşti.

The orchestra had been playing for about ten minutes when a man in the audience suddenly began shoutting.
Dinleyicilerin içinden bir adam birdenbire bağırmaya başladığında orkestra yaklaşık on dakikadır çalmaktaydı.

The house where the dead man was found is being guarded by the police to prevent it from being entered and the evidence interfered with.
İçeri girilmemesi ve kanıtların bozulmaması için ölü adamın bulunduğu ev polis tarafından korumaya alındı.

Basic skills include reading, writing, arithmetic, listening and speaking.
Temel beceriler okuma, yazma, aritmetik işlemleri yapma, dinleme ve konuşmayı içerir.

Visualizing skills directly relate to the use of multimedia and include the organization and processing of symbols, pictures, graphs, objects, and other information.
Görsel beceriler, sembol, resim, grafik, nesne ve diğer bilgileri düzenlemeyi ve işlemeyi içerir ve çokluortam kullanımıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir (bağlantılıdır).

One of the most promising uses of educational technology is the use of a computer to individualize instruction.
Eğitim teknolojisinin en ümit verici (gelecek vaat eden) kullanım alanlarından biri, öğretimin bireyselleştirilmesi için bilgisayarların kullanılmasıdır.

Instructional materials can help us engage students in learning and help hold their attention as we teach important skills.
Öğretim materyalleri, önemli becerileri öğretirken öğrencilerin dikkatlerini çekmede ve onları öğrenme işine cesaretlendirmede (öğrenmeye teşvik etmede) yardımcı olurlar.

Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization, for analyzing problems, and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning.

Eğitim teknolojisi, insan öğrenmesinin tüm alanlarıyla ilgili problemleri çözümlemek, çözümü planlamak (tasarlamak), gerçekleştirmek, değerlendirmek ve yönetmek için, insanlar,
prosedürler, fikirler, araçlar ve düzenlemeyle ilgili karmaşık ve bütünleşik bir süreçtir.

Individual Differences

People differ in many respects. We are probably more aware of physical differences in appearance than we are of different styles of thinking and representing information. Yet such differences in style greatly affect the way people are and the manner in which they behave.

İnsanlar bir çok alanda (bir çok bakımdan) farklılık gösterirler. Olasılıkla, düşünme ve ilgiyi temsil etmedeki değişik tarzların farkında olduğumuzdan daha çok, dış görünüşteki fiziksel farkların ayırdındayızdır. Oysa, bu tarz farklılıkları insanların ne olduğunu ve davranış tarzlarını
büyük ölçüde etkilemektedir. (tam karşılığı “etkiler.” Ancak, Türkçe makale/tez dilinde “...mektedir”, “....maktadır” şeklinde kullanılır. LÜTFEN BUNA AZAMİ DİKKAT GÖSTERİNİZ)

(in the classroom) – 22/02/2007
Learning Theories

A learning theory is an organized set of principles explaining how individuals learn, that is, how they acquire new abilities and/or knowledge. Learning has been studied for hundreds of years, and many theories have been proposed to explain it. These theories are generally categorized in three approaches: the behavorial appraoch, the cognitive approach, and the constructivist approach.


Homework-1
Due: March 1, 2007

Learning Theories

In psychology and education, learning theories are attempts to describe how people learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning. There are basically three main perspectives in learning theories, Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism.

Behaviorism is an approach to Psychology which purports that learning is the result of Operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a process both named and investigated by B. F. Skinner. Behaviorists are particularly interested in observable and measurable changes in behavior,
Beginning in the 1960’s and 1970’s, cognitive theories of learning, such as the information perspective, began to hold sway.

Cognitivism became the dominant force in psychology in the late-20th century, replacing behaviorism as the most popular paradigm for understanding mental function. Cognitive psychology is not a wholesale refutation of behaviorism, but rather an expansion that accepts that mental states are appropriate to analyze and subject to examination. This was due to the increasing criticism towards the end of the 1950s of behaviorist models.

Today, constructivism is the focus of much research. The basic concept of this theoretical perpective is that knowledge cannot be transmitted to learners; rather, they must construct knowledge for themselves, usually within a social context. Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge. In other words, "learning involves constructing one's own knowledge from one's own experiences.Constructivist learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context.The teacher acts as a facilitator who encourages students to discover principles for themselves and to construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problems.

GOOD LUCK!!!!!!!!!!!